Cortisol is a steroid hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. It is a critical part of the body's acute stress response, mobilizing energy, sharpening focus, and preparing the body for immediate action. In short bursts, it is adaptive.
Chronic elevation of cortisol occurs when stress is sustained rather than episodic. The stress response is designed for temporary activation followed by recovery. When activation is sustained, the prolonged presence of cortisol has widespread negative effects.
Chronic high cortisol is associated with impaired immune function, disrupted sleep, metabolic dysregulation, impaired memory and cognitive function, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. It also suppresses the prefrontal cortex, reducing capacity for rational decision-making and emotional regulation.
The behaviors most associated with chronic cortisol elevation include inadequate sleep, lack of physical activity, sustained psychological stress, and social isolation. Each of these both results from and contributes to cortisol dysregulation.
The body's primary cortisol regulation mechanisms require physical activity to complete the stress cycle, adequate and consistent sleep, social connection, and consistent periods of physiological rest.